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Physician-Scientist DevelopmentIn-Press Preview Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.205939

Stabilizing and strengthening the U.S. physician-scientist faculty workforce in academic medicine: a proposed institutional framework

Christopher S. Williams,1 Megan Allen,2 Paige Cooper Byas,3 John B. Hawley,4 Louis J. Muglia,3 E. Dale Abel,5 Julie A. Bastarache,6 Carolyn S. Calfee,7 John M. Carethers,8 David N. Cornfield,9 Oliver Eickelberg,10 Emily J. Gallagher,11 Anna Greka,12 Peter J. Gruber,13 Anthony N. Hollenberg,14 Heidi H. Kong,15 Barbara I. Kazmierczak,16 Gary A. Koretzky,17 Mark Lachs,18 Deborah J. Lenschow,19 Geoffrey S. Pitt,20 Don C. Rockey,21 Lisa M. Satlin,22 Barry P. Sleckman,23 David A. Stoltz,24 Jatin M. Vyas,25 Thomas J. Wang,26 and Kyu Y. Rhee27

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Williams, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Allen, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Cooper Byas, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Hawley, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Muglia, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Abel, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Bastarache, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Calfee, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Carethers, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Cornfield, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Eickelberg, O. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

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1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

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1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Gruber, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Hollenberg, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Kong, H. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Kazmierczak, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

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1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Lachs, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Lenschow, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Pitt, G. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Rockey, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

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1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Sleckman, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Stoltz, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Vyas, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

Find articles by Wang, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

2Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, New York, United States of America

3Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, United States of America

4American Society for Clinical Investigation, Ann Arbor, United States of America

55Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America

6Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America

7Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Departme, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America

8Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Herbert Wertheim School o, UCSD, San Diego, United States of America

9Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America

10Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicin, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

12Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, United States of America

13Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

14Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America

15Chevy Chase, United States of America

16Departments of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America

17Office of the Provost, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States of America

18Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

19Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America

20Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

21Digestive Disease Research Center,, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America

22Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

23Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America

24Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America

25Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America

26University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America

27Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America

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Published April 28, 2026 - More info

JCI Insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.205939.
Copyright © 2026, Williams et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published April 28, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

Physician-scientists represent one of the most impactful, yet underrecognized, innovations of 20th century academic medicine. Defined by a commitment to full-time careers in investigative work, physician-scientists have repeatedly demonstrated a unique ability to identify and solve problems of unmet medical need in a focused and intentional manner using their dual training in clinical medicine and the scientific method as both stethoscope and scalpel. Unfortunately, mounting financial pressures from both the clinical and research marketplaces have placed this storied workforce in jeopardy due to the absence of a dedicated and explicitly defined vocational structure and business model. This white paper reports the output of a consortium of academic medical centers, foundations and professional societies seeking to remedy this deficiency. This consortium specifically developed a framework to formalize the career path of physician-scientist faculty into a professionally unified and financially sustainable structure in a way that could be adopted to different U.S. academic medical centers and health systems. Key components of this framework included an administratively operational definition of physician-scientists, and three central and interconnected pillars (academic, financial, and organizational) that are rooted in this foundational definition. Herein, we detail core concepts and concrete recommendations.

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  • Version 1 (April 28, 2026): In-Press Preview

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