Resource and Technical AdvanceIn-Press PreviewCell biologyInfectious diseaseInflammation
Open Access |
10.1172/jci.insight.203042
1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
3Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Published March 17, 2026 - More info
The lung alveoli are continually exposed to inhaled pathogens and environmental hazards and rely on coordinated communication between alveolar macrophages and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AT2s) to maintain homeostasis. Disruption of these interactions can impair immunity and repair, contributing to acute and chronic respiratory diseases. To better define these mechanisms and support therapeutic discovery, we established a human iPSC-derived air-liquid interface platform that captures key features of AT2-macrophage crosstalk. Using this system, we show that coculture enhances AT2-specific transcriptional programs including lipid synthesis, while macrophages actively phagocytose AT2-derived surfactant. iPSC-derived macrophages adopt an alveolar macrophage-like phenotype and respond to AT2-derived M-CSF. During respiratory infection, macrophages played a crucial role in modulating epithelial inflammatory responses, augmenting antiviral immunity, and limiting viral replication. We further identify a previously unrecognized role for macrophages in epithelial repair, where VEGF-mediated signaling to macrophages increases epithelial permeability during viral infection. Together, these findings reveal dimensions of AT2-macrophage cooperation in homeostasis, infection, and repair, and demonstrate how this iPSC-derived platform can be used to dissect mechanisms that may initiate or drive the progression of respiratory diseases.