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ResearchIn-Press PreviewInflammation Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.188028

Pro-inflammatory macrophages transporting gut-derived bacterial DNA drive autoimmune arthritis in spondyloarthropathy

Benjamin Cai,1 Rabina Giri,2 Amy J. Cameron,1 M. Arifur Rahman,1 Annabelle Small,3 Christopher Altmann,3 Yenkai Lim,1 Linda M. Rehaume,1 Mark Morrison,1 Mihir D. Wechalekar,5 Jakob Begun,2 Anne-Sophie Bergot,1 and Ranjeny Thomas1

1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

Find articles by Cai, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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1Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

3College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

4College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Australia

5College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia

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Published July 31, 2025 - More info

JCI Insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.188028.
Copyright © 2025, Cai et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published July 31, 2025 - Version history
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Abstract

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is an inflammatory arthritis of the spine and joints associated with intestinal inflammation, in which it is hypothesized that innate immune exposure to entero-invasive species is followed by self/bacterial peptide presentation. However, the mechanisms underlying loss of tolerance to gut bacteria in genetically at-risk individuals are unclear. Curdlan (β-1,3-glucan, dectin-1 ligand)-treated ZAP-70W163C (SKG) mice develop autoimmune arthritis and ileitis associated with Gram-negative faecal dysbiosis. Using gnotobiotic mice, we show that curdlan-treated SKG mice mono-associated with Parabacteroides goldsteinii or Lactobacillus murinus developed ileitis, arthritis and enthesitis, while BALB/c mice were tolerant. Gnotobiotic SKG ileum upregulated Il23a and ER stress genes and lost goblet cells. Whereas bacterial DNA co-localised with neutrophils and inflammatory macrophages in SKG lamina propria, peri-articular bone marrow, entheses and spleen, in BALB/c bacterial DNA co-localised with resident macrophages in lamina propria and spleen. Human psoriatic-arthritis synovial tissue also contained cell-associated peri-vascular bacterial DNA. Curdlan-treated SKG spleen/bone marrow macrophages transferred severe arthritis and expanded Th17 cells in naïve SKG recipients, while BALB/c or germ free-SKG macrophages transferred mild arthritis and regulated Th17 cells. Thus, bacterial DNA and myeloid cells in the gut and their subsequent traffic regulate or enforce T cell pathogenicity in SpA.

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