(A) The expression of IFN response genes was significantly altered by MSCT in the hippocampi of MRL/lpr mice (n = 3 mice/group). (B and C) qPCR analysis of Ifng and Ifitm3 expression in the spleens and hippocampi of the indicated mice (n = 5 mice/group). (D–F) Representative flow cytometric analysis of splenic CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ (Th1) cells in the mice. The percentages (E) and numbers (F) of Th1 cells are shown in the right 2 panels (n = 5 mice/group). (G and H) Representative images of brain sections coimmunostained for p-STAT1 together with a neuronal marker (NeuN⁺) and quantification of positive cells in the CA1 region of the indicated groups (n = 5 mice/group). Scale bar: 20 μm. (I–K) IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) was used to treat hippocampal neurons. (I) p-JAK1, p-JAK2, and p-STAT1 levels were measured by Western blotting 30 minutes after treatment. (J) The expression of CCL8 was measured by ELISA 24 hours after treatment. (K) Ccl8 expression was assessed by RT-PCR 6 hours after treatment with IFN-γ and fludarabine. (L–O) Pharmacological inhibition of JAK1/2 or STAT1 in MRL/lpr mice. Ruxolitinib (Rux, p.o.) or fludarabine (Flu, i.p.) was given to MRL/lpr mice from 5 to 8 weeks of age. Immunostaining (L) and quantification (M) of p-STAT1⁺NeuN⁺ cells in the hippocampal sections were performed 3 weeks after pharmacological inhibitor treatment (n = 5 mice/group). Scale bar: 20 μm. The TST (N) and FST (O) were performed at the end of the experiment (n = 7–8 mice/group). The data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, determined using 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (B, C, E, F, H, K, M and N) or Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (O), or 2-tailed unpaired t test (J). Ctrl, control; TST, tail suspension test; FST, forced swim test. See also Supplemental Figure 9.