(A) Detection of hepatic structures with nuclear DNA (blue), HepPar1⁺ hepatocytes (green), CK19⁺ bile ducts (cyan), CD31⁺ endothelial cells (orange), and collagen I (pink) in a representative noninfected control (NC1) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) IA (IA-A6) subject. Portal tract (PT) was defined by the presence of portal triad including CK19⁺ bile ducts, CD31⁺ hepatic artery, and portal vein with surrounding collagen I. Central vein (CV) was defined as a vascular structure with surrounding collagen without bile duct or hepatic artery. (B) Detection of viral and immune markers including HBsAg (yellow), HBcAg (pink), and CD45⁺ immune cells (cyan) with the same regions as A for NC1 and IA-A14, and additional CHB subjects (IT-A1, IA-A8, and IA-A12) with various patterns of HBsAg and HBcAg expression. White arrows indicate clusters of CD45⁺ immune cells close to hepatocytes expressing HBsAg and/or HBcAg. Orange inlay for IA-A12 provides a higher power view. (C) Detection of CD8⁺ T cells, CD20⁺ B cells, and CD68⁺ Kupffer cells. Regions in B are shown here with CD8 (yellow), CD20 (red), CD68 (cyan), and HepPar1 (blue), with increased CD20⁺ B cells, yellow CD8⁺ T cells, and cyan CD68⁺ cells in portal tracts (especially in IA-A14), and more diffuse lobular detection of cyan CD68⁺ cells. White arrows highlight CD45⁺ immune clusters near hepatocytes expressing HBsAg and/or HBcAg in B, with both yellow CD8⁺ T cells and cyan CD68⁺ Kupffer cells located in close contact. (D) Representative distribution for innate and adaptive immune markers in the liver. Colocalization of CD68, CD16, and CD14 in hepatic lobular region, with a similar pattern for CD4 expression (without associated CD3 expression). Relative paucity of CD14 expression compared with other markers (e.g., CD3, CD8, CD4, CD68, CD16) is noted in portal tract (PT).