Research LetterIn-Press PreviewNeuroscienceVascular biology
Open Access | 
10.1172/jci.insight.208733
Growth of PIK3CA-driven cerebral cavernous malformations does not require microbiome stimulation
Lun Li,1 Rhonda Lightle,2 Bader Ali,2 Georgeio Sader,2 Robert Shenkar,2 Sean P. Polster,2 Douglas A. Marchuk,3 Jan-Karl Burkhardt,4 Issam A. Awad,2 and Mark L. Kahn1
1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Shenkar, R.
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Polster, S.
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Awad, I.
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1Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
2Section of Neurovascular Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, United States of America
3Departyment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Kahn, M.
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Published July 16, 2026 - More info
Copyright © 2026, Li et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
