Usage Information
Citation Information: JCI Insight. 2024;9(17):e171311. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.171311.
Abstract
Sex is an often overlooked, yet compulsory, biological variable when performing biomedical research. Periodontitis is a common yet progressively debilitating chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the tissues supporting teeth that ultimately leads to tooth loss if left untreated. The incidence of periodontitis is sex biased, with increased prevalence in males compared with females but with unknown etiology. We performed a sex-specific meta-analysis using publicly available oral microbiome data from different sampling sites of patients with periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls; sex balance was established for each periodontal health condition. Our results show sex-based diversity in oral biofilms of individuals with periodontitis but not in their saliva, with increased abundance of several periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaques from females compared with males. We devised a quantitative measure, uniquely defined as the Microsexome Index (MSI), which indicates that sexual dimorphism in subgingival bacterial composition is a distinct feature of reduced microbial diversity during periodontitis but not under healthy conditions. In addition, we found that smoking exacerbates microsexome diversity in supragingival biofilms, particularly during periodontitis. Taken together, we provide insights regarding sex-based diversity in periodontitis, a disease with multiorgan associations, and provide the rationale for further mechanistic, diagnostic, and therapeutic studies.
Authors
Rita Del Pinto, Claudio Ferri, Mario Giannoni, Fabio Cominelli, Theresa T. Pizarro, Davide Pietropaoli
Usage data is cumulative from November 2024 through November 2025.
| Usage | JCI | PMC |
|---|---|---|
| Text version | 2,504 | 529 |
| 326 | 144 | |
| Figure | 286 | 0 |
| Supplemental data | 209 | 20 |
| Citation downloads | 144 | 0 |
| Totals | 3,469 | 693 |
| Total Views | 4,162 | |
Usage information is collected from two different sources: this site (JCI) and Pubmed Central (PMC). JCI information (compiled daily) shows human readership based on methods we employ to screen out robotic usage. PMC information (aggregated monthly) is also similarly screened of robotic usage.
Various methods are used to distinguish robotic usage. For example, Google automatically scans articles to add to its search index and identifies itself as robotic; other services might not clearly identify themselves as robotic, or they are new or unknown as robotic. Because this activity can be misinterpreted as human readership, data may be re-processed periodically to reflect an improved understanding of robotic activity. Because of these factors, readers should consider usage information illustrative but subject to change.
