(A) H&E staining of colon parts, scale bar 5 mm. (B) Expression of FXR and its downstream targets (Fgf15, Ibabp, Ostα) is reduced in CAC mice. (C–E) Intestinal permeability (C), total serum BAs (D), and serum cytokine levels (E) in CAC mice. (F) Relative expression (fragments per kilobase million [FPKM] values) of presented genes based on RNA-Seq data of healthy and CAC patients (Supplemental Table 3). Box plots show the interquartile range (box), median (line), and minimum and maximum (whiskers). (G) Proliferation of intestinal organoids from WT mice, measured by ATP luminescence, in response to increasing concentrations of IL17A (50, 100 ng/mL), IFN-γ (10, 20 ng/mL), TNF-α (20, 40 ng/mL), IL6 (20, 50 ng/mL), IL23 (50, 100 ng/mL), and IL1β (10, 20 ng/mL). (H) Stem cell marker (Lgr5, Olfm4, Tnfrsf19, Ascl2) genes’ expression in WT organoids treated with vehicle (PBS) and cytokines of indicated concentration. Experiments in H–K are conducted under same conditions as in H. (I and J) Bright-field images of branching WT organoids for 24 hours of treatment (I). Scale bar 50 μm. Branching was quantified as crypt domain per organoid from 5 individuals (J). (K) Images of WT organoids treated with different cytokines, co-immunostained with stem cell marker Olfm4 (red) and proliferating marker Ki67 (green); the nucleus is counterstained with DAPI (blue). Circled parts with higher magnification are presented (bottom). Scale bar 20 μm. n = 3–5/group. Experiments were independently replicated twice, and representative data are shown as mean ± SEM. P values determined with Student’s unpaired t test (B–E), Wilcoxon test (F), and 1-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons (G, H, and J). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.005.