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ResearchIn-Press PreviewMetabolism Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.155552

The TBK1/IKKε inhibitor amlexanox improves dyslipidemia and prevents atherosclerosis

Peng Zhao,1 Xiaoli Sun,2 Zhongji Liao,3 Hong Yu,4 Dan Li,5 Zeyang Shen,6 Christopher K. Glass,7 Joseph L. Witztum,3 and Alan R. Saltiel3

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Zhao, P. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Sun, X. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Liao, Z. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Yu, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Li, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Shen, Z. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Glass, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

Find articles by Witztum, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

2Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

3Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

5Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America

6Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

7Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America

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Published August 2, 2022 - More info

JCI Insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.155552.
Copyright © 2022, Zhao et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published August 2, 2022 - Version history
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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis and its complications, are a leading cause of death. Inhibition of the non-canonical IκB kinases TBK1 and IKKε with amlexanox restores insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice and human subjects. Here we report that amlexanox improves diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in Western diet (WD)-fed Ldlr-/- mice, and protects against atherogenesis. Amlexanox ameliorates dyslipidemia, inflammation and vascular dysfunction through synergistic actions that involve upregulation of bile acid synthesis to increase cholesterol excretion. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrates an elevated expression of key bile acid synthesis genes. Furthermore, we found that amlexanox attenuates monocytosis, eosinophilia and vascular dysfunction during WD-induced atherosclerosis. These findings demonstrate the potential of amlexanox as a new therapy for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

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  • Version 1 (August 2, 2022): In-Press Preview

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