(A) Biological processes (Gene Ontology terms) related to anticolitic benefit. (B) Volcano plot showing the differential abundance of protein expression in MSC-Exos compared with the corresponding supernatants of exosome depletion. The vertical dotted lines correspond to 2-fold increase and decrease, respectively, and the horizontal dotted line represents a P value of 0.05. Metallothionein-2 is annotated on the volcano plot by the red point. n = 3 in A and B. (C) The levels of metallothionein-2. Supernatants of MSCs were depleted of exosomes by ultracentrifugation, and all samples were adjusted to have an equal total protein concentration; then ELISAs were performed. n = 4 independent experiments. (D) mRNA levels of TNF, IL6, and IL1B in macrophages derived from human peripheral blood monocytes treated with 30 μg/mL MSC-Exos or MSC-Exos^siMOCK or MSC-Exos^siMT2A#2 for 2 days, then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) during the last 4 hours, with 18S rRNA as a housekeeping gene. n = 3 independent experiments. (E) Representative immunoblot for phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα), total IκBα (t-IκBα), and p65 subunit from whole-cell, nuclear, and cytoplasmic extracts in macrophages that were treated for 2 days, with the indicated dose of MSC-Exos from MSCs that were untransfected (Un), mock transfected (Mock-si), or transfected with MT2A-siRNAs (MT2A-si). Three independent experiments were performed and yielded similar results. β-actin and Lamin A served as loading controls. **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001; ns indicates P > 0.05, by Kruskal-Wallis test (C and D).