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ResearchIn-Press PreviewAIDS/HIVImmunologyInfectious disease Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.208488

SIV infection disrupts the spatial cellular and communication networks of pulmonary granulomas during SIV/MTB co-infection

Jessica M. Medrano,1 Persis Sunny,1 Collin R. Diedrich,1 Pauline Maiello,2 Christopher Kline,3 Tara Rutledge,1 Edwin Klein,4 Joshua T. Mattila,2 Jishnu Das,5 Zandrea Ambrose,2 and Philana Ling Lin1

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Medrano, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Sunny, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Diedrich, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Maiello, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Kline, C. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

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1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

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1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Mattila, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Das, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

Find articles by Ambrose, Z. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

2Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

4Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America

5Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America

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Published September 24, 2026 - More info

JCI Insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.208488.
Copyright © 2026, Medrano et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published September 24, 2026 - Version history
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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading infectious cause of death globally. Despite wide use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) by people living with HIV, the risk of TB remains increased. To understand immune interactions within lung granulomas, we compared spatial transcriptomics of Mtb and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in co-infected macaques with or without ART as a model for HIV/Mtb co-infection. Spatially differentiated transcriptional profiles were observed in Mtb-only granulomas, with myeloid cells enriched in metabolic/antimicrobial pathways within the inner ring and T cell co-stimulatory/activation pathways enriched in the outer ring. These spatially distinct patterns were lost in SIV/Mtb granulomas with higher enrichment in type I IFN pathways compared to Mtb-only granulomas. SIV/ART/Mtb granulomas had an intermediate transcriptional pattern without restoration to Mtb-only granulomas, despite a lack of viral replication. Cell-cell communication was reduced among SIV/Mtb co-infected groups. These data suggest that HIV disrupts spatially organized immune functions of granulomas, which are not fully restored by ART.

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