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10.1172/jci.insight.191266
1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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Sparks, J.
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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Lord, S.
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
Find articles by Saxena, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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Kim, A.
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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Guthridge, J.
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
3Rho Inc., Durham, United States of America
4Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States of America
5Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
6Emory Univerisity School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
7Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
8Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
9Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
10Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, United States of America
11Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
12Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States of America
13Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunol, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
14Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
15Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
16Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
17Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
18Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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James, J.
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Published November 25, 2025 - More info
BACKGROUND. Individuals with autoimmune diseases (AD) on immunosuppressants often have suboptimal responses to COVID-19 vaccine. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of additional COVID-19 vaccines in those treated with mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid (MMF/MPA), methotrexate (MTX), and B cell-depleting therapy (BCDT), including the impact of withholding MMF/MPA and MTX.
METHODS. In this open-label, multicenter, randomized trial, 22 participants taking MMF/MPA, 26 taking MTX, and 93 treated with BCDT who had suboptimal antibody responses to initial COVID-19 vaccines (2 doses of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 or 1 dose of AD26.COV2.S) received an additional homologous vaccine. Participants taking MMF/MPA and MTX were randomized (1:1) to continue or withhold treatment around vaccination. The primary outcome was the change in anti-Wuhan-Hu-1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) concentrations at 4 weeks post-additional vaccination. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, COVID-19 , and AD activity through 48 weeks.
RESULTS. Additional vaccination increased anti-RBD concentrations in participants taking MMF/MPA and MTX , irrespective of immunosuppressant withholding. BCDT-treated participants also demonstrated increased anti-RBD concentrations, albeit lower than MMF/MPA- and MTX-treated cohorts. COVID-19 occurred in 33% of participants; infections were predominantly mild and included only three non-fatal hospitalizations. Additional vaccination was well-tolerated, with low frequencies of severe disease flares and adverse events.
CONCLUSION. Additional COVID-19 vaccination is effective and safe in individuals with ADs treated with immunosuppressants, regardless of whether MMF/MPA or MTX is withheld.
TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05000216; registered August 6, 2021: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05000216)