(A) Schematic diagram of the model. Eight-week-old WT female mice underwent ovariectomy (OVX), followed by i.p. injection of ULK1-IN2 (0.5 mg/kg) on the second day after surgery, administered 3 times per week for a duration of 8 weeks. On day 56, the mice were euthanized to obtain tissue samples for subsequent experiments. (B) Representative 2D and 3D μCT images of the femur were obtained. (C) Statistical analysis was conducted on bone mass parameters of the femur (n = 6). (D) Histological staining using H&E and TRAP staining was performed on sections of the femur. (E) Histomorphological analysis of TRAP staining (n = 6). (F) Double-labeled calcein fluorescence image. Mice were i.p. injected with calcein staining solution on days 3 and 10 before sacrifice. (G) Statistical analysis of mineralization rate (n = 6). (H) Schematic diagram of the model. Six-week-old Lysm⁺NDR2^fl/fl mice were i.p. administered ULK1-IN2 (0.5 mg/kg) 3 times per week for a duration of 4 weeks, following which the mice were euthanized to obtain tissue samples for subsequent experimental analysis. (I) Representative 2D and 3D images of femur. (J) Statistical analysis of femoral bone mass parameters (n = 6). (K) H&E staining and TRAP staining of femur sections. (L and M) Histomorphological analysis of TRAP staining (n = 6). (N) Double-labeled calcein fluorescence image. (O) Statistical analysis of mineralization rate (n = 6). Statistical analyses were determined by 2-tailed Student’s t test (J, L, and M), and 1-way ANOVA (C, E, and G). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001. Data were presented as mean ± SD.