Abstract
Progress in cytokine engineering is driving therapeutic translation by overcoming these proteins’ limitations as drugs. The IL-2 cytokine is a promising immune stimulant for cancer treatment but is limited by its concurrent activation of both pro-inflammatory immune effector cells and antiinflammatory regulatory T cells, toxicity at high doses, and short serum half-life. One approach to improve the selectivity, safety, and longevity of IL-2 is complexing with anti–IL-2 antibodies that bias the cytokine toward immune effector cell activation. Although this strategy shows potential in preclinical models, clinical translation of a cytokine/antibody complex is complicated by challenges in formulating a multiprotein drug and concerns regarding complex stability. Here, we introduced a versatile approach to designing intramolecularly assembled single-agent fusion proteins (immunocytokines, ICs) comprising IL-2 and a biasing anti–IL-2 antibody that directs the cytokine toward immune effector cells. We optimized IC construction and engineered the cytokine/antibody affinity to improve immune bias. We demonstrated that our IC preferentially activates and expands immune effector cells, leading to superior antitumor activity compared with natural IL-2, both alone and combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, therapeutic efficacy was observed without inducing toxicity. This work presents a roadmap for the design and translation of cytokine/antibody fusion proteins.
Authors
Elissa K. Leonard, Jakub Tomala, Joseph R. Gould, Michael I. Leff, Jian-Xin Lin, Peng Li, Mitchell J. Porter, Eric R. Johansen, Ladaisha Thompson, Shanelle D. Cao, Shenda Hou, Tereza Henclova, Maros Huliciak, Paul R. Sargunas, Charina S. Fabilane, Ondřej Vaněk, Marek Kovar, Bohdan Schneider, Giorgio Raimondi, Warren J. Leonard, Jamie B. Spangler
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