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A hybrid breast cancer/mesenchymal stem cell population enhances chemoresistance and metastasis
Giuseppina Augimeri, … , Euisik Yoon, Celina G. Kleer
Giuseppina Augimeri, … , Euisik Yoon, Celina G. Kleer
Published August 22, 2023
Citation Information: JCI Insight. 2023;8(18):e164216. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.164216.
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Research Article Cell biology Oncology

A hybrid breast cancer/mesenchymal stem cell population enhances chemoresistance and metastasis

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Abstract

Patients with triple-negative breast cancer remain at risk for metastatic disease despite treatment. The acquisition of chemoresistance is a major cause of tumor relapse and death, but the mechanisms are far from understood. We have demonstrated that breast cancer cells (BCCs) can engulf mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), leading to enhanced dissemination. Here, we show that clinical samples of primary invasive carcinoma and chemoresistant breast cancer metastasis contain a unique hybrid cancer cell population coexpressing pancytokeratin and the MSC marker fibroblast activation protein-α. We show that hybrid cells form in primary tumors and that they promote breast cancer metastasis and chemoresistance. Using single-cell microfluidics and in vivo models, we found that there are polyploid senescent cells within the hybrid cell population that contribute to metastatic dissemination. Our data reveal that Wnt Family Member 5A (WNT5A) plays a crucial role in supporting the chemoresistance properties of hybrid cells. Furthermore, we identified that WNT5A mediates hybrid cell formation through a phagocytosis-like mechanism that requires BCC-derived IL-6 and MSC-derived C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2. These findings reveal hybrid cell formation as a mechanism of chemoresistance and suggest that interrupting this mechanism may be a strategy in overcoming breast cancer drug resistance.

Authors

Giuseppina Augimeri, Maria E. Gonzalez, Alessandro Paolì, Ahmad Eido, Yehyun Choi, Boris Burman, Sabra Djomehri, Santhosh Kumar Karthikeyan, Sooryanarayana Varambally, Johanna M. Buschhaus, Yu-Chih Chen, Loredana Mauro, Daniela Bonofiglio, Alexey I. Nesvizhskii, Gary D. Luker, Sebastiano Andò, Euisik Yoon, Celina G. Kleer

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Figure 5

WNT5A, IL-6, and CCL2 mediate hybrid cell formation through a phagocytosis-like mechanism.

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WNT5A, IL-6, and CCL2 mediate hybrid cell formation through a phagocytos...
(A) Immunoblots of GFP-231 transduced with lentivirus control (-shC) or with 2 independent shWNT5A (1 and 2). β-Actin was used as loading control. Numbers below the blots represent the average fold change over GFP-231–shC. See complete unedited blots in the supplemental material. (B) Representative flow cytometry of indicated cells show that WNT5A shRNA reduces the percent of GFP+/DsRed+ hybrid cells. (C) A single GFP-231 and a single DsRed-MSC were loaded in the microfluidic cell-pairing device and treated with vehicle or anti-WNT5A over time. Bar graph shows percent of engulfment ± SEM (n = 10, in biological triplicate). Representative images illustrating that anti-WNT5A inhibited hybrid cell formation. Scale bar: 20 µm. (D) GFP-231 and MSC loaded in the microchip and, after 3 days, were treated with PTX 1 μM for 48 hours (n = 10 cells/condition, in biological triplicate). Scale bar: 20 µm. (E) ELISA for IL-6 protein secretion in supernatants of cocultures of DsRed-MSCs and GFP-231–shC or –shWNT5A after 72 hours. (F) ELISA for CCL2 protein secretion in the supernatants of DsRed-MSCs treated with vehicle (–) or with IL-6 recombinant protein (rh), 30 ng/mL. (G) Representative pHrodo and merge fluorescence images of GFP-231–shC treated with vehicle, tocilizumab 30 μg/mL, or CCR2 inhibitor (CCR2i) 40 μM, and GFP-231-shWNT5A treated with vehicle, IL-6 rh 30 ng/mL, and WNT5A rh 1 μg/mL before incubation with pHrodo-labeled MSCs for 48 hours. Scale bar: 50 µm. Bars quantify total red fluorescence normalized to cell number. pHrodo signal was quantified in 3 fields/condition using ImageJ. For all panels, data are expressed as individual values with mean ± SEM. In B, 1-way ANOVA with Turkey’s multiple comparison test was employed; in C–F, 2-tailed unpaired Student’s t test; and in G, 2-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test was employed. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.0005; ****P < 0.0001.

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