Vaccine-generated lung tissue–resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection
Kyra D. Zens, … , Jun Kui Chen, Donna L. Farber
Kyra D. Zens, … , Jun Kui Chen, Donna L. Farber
Published July 7, 2016
Citation Information: JCI Insight. 2016;1(10):e85832. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.85832.
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Research Article Immunology Vaccines

Vaccine-generated lung tissue–resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection

Abstract

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a recently defined, noncirculating subset with the potential for rapid in situ protective responses, although their generation and role in vaccine-mediated immune responses is unclear. Here, we assessed TRM generation and lung-localized protection following administration of currently licensed influenza vaccines, including injectable inactivated influenza virus (IIV, Fluzone) and i.n. administered live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV, FluMist) vaccines. We found that, while IIV preferentially induced strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, LAIV generated lung-localized, virus-specific T cell responses. Moreover, LAIV but not IIV generated lung CD4+ TRM and virus-specific CD8+ TRM, similar in phenotype to those generated by influenza virus infection. Importantly, these vaccine-generated TRM mediated cross-strain protection, independent of circulating T cells and neutralizing antibodies, which persisted long-term after vaccination. Interestingly, intranasal administration of IIV or injection of LAIV failed to elicit T cell responses or provide protection against viral infection, demonstrating dual requirements for respiratory targeting and a live-attenuated strain to establish TRM. The ability of LAIV to generate lung TRM capable of providing long-term protection against nonvaccine viral strains, as demonstrated here, has important implications for protecting the population against emergent influenza pandemics by direct fortification of lung-specific immunity.

Authors

Kyra D. Zens, Jun Kui Chen, Donna L. Farber

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Figure 1

Distinct localization of primary T cell responses following vaccination with IIV or LAIV.

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Distinct localization of primary T cell responses following vaccination ...
(A) CD3+ cells in the lung and MedLN of mice 10 days after vaccination with 2014–2015 IIV or LAIV. Graph displays mean absolute CD3+ cell numbers ± SEM (n = 5–10 mice per group compiled from 2 independent experiments; significance determined by multiple Student’s t tests with Welch’s correction, ***P < 0.001). (B) Lung effector/memory T cells 10 days after vaccination with 2014–2015 IIV or LAIV. Left: Representative flow cytometry plots displaying percentages of cells with naive (CD44loCD62Lhi) and effector/memory (CD44hiCD62Llo) phenotypes. Right: Individual percentages of lung CD4+ and CD8+ effector/memory phenotype T cells (TEM) ± SEM (n = 5 mice per group, representative of 3 experiments; significance determined by 2-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, ****P < 0.0001). (C) CD69 expression by lung T cells 10 days after vaccination with 2014–2015 IIV or LAIV. Left: Representative flow cytometry plots showing percentages of cells with CD44hiCD69hi phenotype. Right: Individual percentages of lung CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD69 ± SEM (n = 5 mice per group, representative of 3 experiments; significance determined by 2-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, ****P < 0.0001). (D) CD69 expression by lung T cells 10 days after vaccination with 2014–2015 IIV (i.n. or i.p.) or LAIV (i.n. or i.p). Graph displays individual percentages of lung CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD69 ± SEM (n = 4–5 mice/group; significance determined by 2-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, ****P < 0.0001). (E) Influenza-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs 10 days after vaccination with 2015–2016 IIV or LAIV. Top: Representative flow cytometry plots with percentages of lung NP366-374–specific CD8+ T cells. Bottom: Individual percentages of lung NP366-374–specific CD8+ T cells ± SEM (n = 5 mice per group, representative of 2 experiments; significance determined by 1-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, ***P < 0.001).