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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as anti–PD-1 and anti–CTLA-4 antibodies are used to induce an immune response against many types of tumors. However, ICIs often also induce autoimmune responses, referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which occur unpredictably and at varying levels of severity. We utilized high-dimensional immunophenotyping of longitudinal blood samples from patients with metastatic melanoma treated with combination anti–PD-1/CTLA-4 therapy in a clinical trial to characterize alterations in immune profiles induced by combination ICI therapy and to identify immune features associated with severe irAE development. T cell profiling highlighted that ICI therapy induces prominent expansions of activated, CD38hi CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which are frequently bound by the therapeutic anti–PD-1 antibody, as well as substantial changes in Treg phenotypes. However, neither the baseline frequency nor the extent of expansion of these cell populations was associated with severe irAE development. Rather, naive CD4+ T cell abundance pretreatment was significantly associated with development of severe irAEs and with the number of irAEs developed. These results indicate the abundance of naive CD4+ T cells as a predictive feature for the development of severe irAEs following combination ICI therapy.
Authors
Kathryne E. Marks, Alice Horisberger, Mehreen Elahee, Ifeoluwakiisi A. Adejoorin, Nilasha Ghosh, Michael Postow, Laura Donlin, Anne R. Bass, Deepak A. Rao
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