Usage Information
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a devastating condition that can occur after blunt or penetrating trauma to the head, leading to visual impairment or blindness. Despite these debilitating effects, no clinically available therapeutic targets neuroprotection or promotes axon regeneration in this or any optic neuropathy. Limited data in large-animal models are a major obstacle to advancing treatments toward clinical therapeutics. To address this issue, we refined a surgical model of TON in Yucatan minipigs. First, we validated the model by demonstrating visual impairment by flash visual-evoked potential and retinal ganglion cell degeneration and death. Next, we developed and optimized a delivery method and nontoxic dosing of intravitreal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP. Finally, we showed that intravitreal injection of BDNF and cAMP rescued visual function and protected against retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve axon degeneration. Together these data in a preclinical large-animal model advance our understanding of and ability to model TON and further identify and develop candidate clinical therapeutics.
Authors
Kathleen Heng, Brent K. Young, BaoXiang Li, Ashley D. Nies, Xin Xia, Runxia R. Wen, Roopa Dalal, Gregory T. Bramblett, Andrew W. Holt, Jeffery M. Cleland, Jason N. Harris, Albert Y. Wu, Jeffrey L. Goldberg
Usage data is cumulative from June 2025 through June 2026.
| Usage | JCI | PMC |
|---|---|---|
| Text version | 2,087 | 260 |
| 304 | 86 | |
| Figure | 1,289 | 2 |
| Supplemental data | 85 | 1 |
| Citation downloads | 315 | 0 |
| Totals | 4,080 | 349 |
| Total Views | 4,429 | |
Usage information is collected from two different sources: this site (JCI) and Pubmed Central (PMC). JCI information (compiled daily) shows human readership based on methods we employ to screen out robotic usage. PMC information (aggregated monthly) is also similarly screened of robotic usage.
Various methods are used to distinguish robotic usage. For example, Google automatically scans articles to add to its search index and identifies itself as robotic; other services might not clearly identify themselves as robotic, or they are new or unknown as robotic. Because this activity can be misinterpreted as human readership, data may be re-processed periodically to reflect an improved understanding of robotic activity. Because of these factors, readers should consider usage information illustrative but subject to change.
