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The RUNX1/IL-34/CSF-1R axis is an autocrinally regulated modulator of resistance to BRAF-V600E inhibition in melanoma
Orsi Giricz, … , Jeffrey A. Sosman, Amit K. Verma
Orsi Giricz, … , Jeffrey A. Sosman, Amit K. Verma
Published July 25, 2018
Citation Information: JCI Insight. 2018;3(14):e120422. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.120422.
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Research Article Oncology

The RUNX1/IL-34/CSF-1R axis is an autocrinally regulated modulator of resistance to BRAF-V600E inhibition in melanoma

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Abstract

Resistance to current therapies still impacts a significant number of melanoma patients and can be regulated by epigenetic alterations. Analysis of global cytosine methylation in a cohort of primary melanomas revealed a pattern of early demethylation associated with overexpression of oncogenic transcripts. Loss of methylation and associated overexpression of the CSF 1 receptor (CSF1R) was seen in a majority of tumors and was driven by an alternative, endogenous viral promoter in a subset of samples. CSF1R was particularly elevated in melanomas with BRAF and other MAPK activating mutations. Furthermore, rebound ERK activation after BRAF inhibition was associated with RUNX1-mediated further upregulation of CSF-1R and its ligand IL-34. Importantly, increased CSF-1R and IL-34 overexpression were detected in an independent cohort of resistant melanomas. Inhibition of CSF-1R kinase or decreased CSF-1R expression by RNAi reduced 3-D growth and invasiveness of melanoma cells. Coinhibition of CSF-1R and BRAF resulted in synergistic efficacy in vivo. To our knowledge, our data unveil a previously unknown role for the autocrine-regulated CSF-1R in BRAF V600E resistance and provide a preclinical rationale for targeting this pathway in melanoma.

Authors

Orsi Giricz, Yongkai Mo, Kimberly B. Dahlman, Xiomaris M. Cotto-Rios, Chiara Vardabasso, Hoa Nguyen, Bernice Matusow, Matthias Bartenstein, Veronika Polishchuk, Douglas B. Johnson, Tushar D. Bhagat, Rafe Shellooe, Elizabeth Burton, James Tsai, Chao Zhang, Gaston Habets, John M. Greally, Yiting Yu, Paraic A. Kenny, Gregg B. Fields, Kith Pradhan, E. Richard Stanley, Emily Bernstein, Gideon Bollag, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Brian L. West, Jeffrey A. Sosman, Amit K. Verma

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Figure 2

CSF1R is hypomethylated and overexpressed in melanoma in a large subset of samples.

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CSF1R is hypomethylated and overexpressed in melanoma in a large subset...
(A) Mean hypomethylation of the CSF1R promoter shows positive correlation with gene expression across all samples. The greater value of the log2(HpaII/MspI) demonstrates less methylation (Spearman’s correlation, r = 0.41, P = 0.011). (B) Mean methylation of the CSF1R promoter in melanoma samples compared with melanocyte controls shows less methylation in melanoma (unpaired t test, 2-tailed; P < 0.0001). (C) Mean array-based expression of CSF1R in melanoma samples compared with melanocyte controls (n = 5) shows higher expression in melanoma (n = 36) (unpaired t test, 2-tailed; P < 0.0001). (D) MassARRAY-based single bp validation of CpG methylation (CpG.1 through CpG.6) within the CSF1R promoter indicates demethylation in the tumor samples. Percent cytosine methylation depicted by a scatter plot (1-way ANOVA).

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