A

A, ampere(s)
Å, angstrom unit(s)
aa, amino acid(s)
Ab, antibody
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMP, adenosine monophosphate (ADP, ATP)
AMPK, AMP kinase
ANCOVA, analysis of covariance
ANOVA, analysis of variance
ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase (AMPase, ADPase)
AU, arbitrary unit(s)
AUC, area under the curve

B

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BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
β-gal, β-galactosidase
BM, bone marrow
BMI, body mass index
BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
bp, base pair(s)
BP, blood pressure
bpm, beat(s) per minute
BRAF, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene
homolog B
BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
BSA, bovine serum albumin
BTU, British thermal unit(s)
BW, body weight

C

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°C, degree(s) Celsius
cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cGMP)
CAR, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T cell)
Cas9, CRISPR-associated protein 9
CCL, CC chemokine ligand
CCR, CC chemokine receptor
CD, cluster of differentiation (CD4, CD8)
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
cDNA, complementary DNA
CDP, cytosine diphosphate
C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant
CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
CFU, colony-forming unit(s)
ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
CI, confidence interval
Ci, curie(s)
c-KIT, CD117, mast/stem cell growth factor receptor, protooncogene c-KIT
cM, centimorgan(s)
C_max, maximum [peak] concentration
C_min, minimum [trough] concentration
CMP, cytidine monophosphate (CDP, CTP)
CMV, cytomegalovirus
CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
CNS, central nervous system
CoA, coenzyme A
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
COX, cyclooxygenase
cpm, count(s) per minute
CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CSA, colony-stimulating activity
CSF, colony-stimulating factor
Ct, threshold cycle
CT, computed tomography
CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor

D

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d, day(s)
d, density
3D, 3-dimensional
Da, dalton(s)
DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
DC, dendritic cell
DEAE, diethylaminoethyl
∆ (delta), change in, change of
DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
dpc, day(s) post coitum
dpf, day(s) post fertilization
dP/dt, first derivative of pressure measured over time
dP/dV, pressure per unit change in volume
dpm, disintegration(s) per minute
dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
DTT, dithiothreitol

E

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E1, embryonic day 1 (E2, E3)
EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
EC₅₀, 50% effective concentration
ECG, electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
E. coli, Escherichia coli
ED₅₀, 50% effective dose
EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
EEG, electroencephalogram
EGF, epidermal growth factor
EGFP, enhanced GFP
EGFR, EGF receptor
EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
ER, endoplasmic reticulum
ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase

F

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°F, degree(s) Fahrenheit
FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
F-actin, filamentous actin
FBS, fetal bovine serum
Fc, crystallizable fragment [of immunoglobulin molecule]
FCS, fetal calf serum
FDA, Food and Drug Administration
FDR, false discovery rate
FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
FGF, fibroblast growth factor
FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
fl, floxed
Fox, Forkhead box
ft, foot, feet
FWER, family-wise error rate

G

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g, gram(s)
g, unit(s) of gravity
GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
GAP, GTPase-activating protein
GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GFP, green fluorescent protein
GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GMP, guanosine monophosphate (GDP, GTP)
GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor
GWAS, genome-wide association study/studies
Gy, gray(s)

H

h, hour(s)
HA, hemagglutinin
HBSS, Hanks balanced salt solution
HBV, hepatis B virus
HDL, high-density lipoprotein
H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid
HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2)
HLA, human leukocyte antigen
HMG, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl
HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
HPV, human papilloma virus
HR, hazard ratio
HRP, horseradish peroxidase
HSA, human serum albumin
hsp, heat shock protein
HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell

I

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i, electric current
IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IB, immunoblot
IC₅₀, 50% inhibitory concentration
ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
ICOS, inducible costimulatory molecule
i.c.v., intracerebroventricular(ly)
ID₅₀, 50% infective dose
IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein
IFN, interferon (IFN-α, IFN-γ)
Ig, immunoglobulin (IgE, IgG)
IGF, insulin-like growth factor
IHC, immunohistochemistry
IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα, IκBβ)
IL, interleukin (IL-12)
i.m., intramuscular(ly)
IMDM, Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium
in., inch(es)
i.n., intranasal(ly)
INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
IP, immunoprecipitation
i.p., intraperitoneal(ly)
IQR, interquartile range
IRB, institutional review board
ISH, in situ hybridization
IU, international unit(s)
i.v., intravenous(ly)

J

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JAK, Janus kinase
JNK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase
JUN, Jun protooncogene

K

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°K, degree(s) Kelvin
K_A, association constant
kb, kilobase(s)
kcal, kilocalorie(s)
K_D, dissociation constant
kDa, kilodalton(s)
K_I, inhibition constant
K_m, Michaelis-Menten constant
KO, knockout

L

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L, liter(s)
LD₅₀, 50% lethal dose
LDL, low-density lipoprotein
lod, log odds ratio
LPS, lipopolysaccharide
LUC, luciferase

M

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m, meter(s)
M, molar
mAb, monoclonal Ab
MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mb, megabase
2-ME, 2-mercaptoethanol
MEK, MAPK kinase
MEM, Eagle minimal essential medium
mEq, milliequivalent(s)
MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
MHC, major histocompatibility complex
min, minute(s)
miRNA, microRNA
mmHg, millimeter(s) of mercury
MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
mo, month(s)
MOI, multiplicity(ies) of infection
mol, mole(s)
MOPS, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
M_r, relative molecular mass
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
mRNA, messenger RNA
ms, millisecond(s)
mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
MTT assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay
MW, molecular weight
Myc, V-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian)

N

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N, normal [solution]
n, number in group
N, total sample size
NA, not applicable
NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH, reduced NAD
NADPH, reduced NAD phosphate
NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
NIH, National Institutes of Health
NK, natural killer [cell]
NKT, natural killer T [cell]
NLR, Nod-like receptor
NMDA, N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate
NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
NO, nitric oxide
no., number
NOD, nonobese diabetic
NOR, nonobese resistant
NOS, NO synthase
NP-40, Nonidet P-40
NS, not significant
NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
nt, nucleotide(s)

O

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OCT, optimal cutting temperature [compound]
OD, optical density
OR, odds ratio
ORF, open reading frame
osm, osmole(s)
OVA, ovalbumin

P

P, phosphate (PO₄)
P, probability
P1, postnatal day 1 (P2, P3)
PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
PCR, polymerase chain reaction
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
PDGFR, PDGF receptor
PECAM, platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule
PEG, polyethylene glycol
PET, positron emission tomography
PFU, plaque-forming unit(s)
pg, picogram(s)
pH, hydrogen ion concentration
pI, isoelectric point
PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
PIPES, piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)
PKC, protein kinase C (PKA, PKB)
PLC, phospholipase C
PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
PMN, polymorphonuclear cell
PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
PNS, peripheral nervous system
PPAR, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPARγ)
psi, pound(s) per square inch
PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride

R

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r, correlation coefficient
RAB, RAS-related GTP-binding protein
rad, radiation-absorbed dose
RAG, recombination-activating gene
RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB
RANKL, RANK ligand
RANTES, regulated on activation, T cell expressed, and secreted
RAS, rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
RBC, red blood cell
RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism
RHO, Ras homolog family
RIA, radioimmunoassay
RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
RLU, relative light unit(s)
RNA, ribonucleic acid
RNAi, RNA interference
ROS, reactive oxygen species (singular or plural)
rpm, revolution(s) per minute
RPMI medium, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
rRNA, ribosomal RNA
RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
RU, resonance unit(s)

S

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s, second(s)
SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS-CoV-2, SARS coronavirus 2
s.c., subcutaneous(ly)
SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency disease
SD, standard deviation
SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate
SEM, standard error of the mean
-Seq, sequencing (RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, etc.)
sgRNA, single-guide RNA
SH2, Src homology 2
shRNA, short hairpin RNA
siRNA, small interfering RNA
SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus
SMAD, SMAD family member(s)
SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
SOD, superoxide dismutase
SRC, protooncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC
SREBP, sterol regulatory element–binding protein
SSC, standard saline citrate
ssDNA, single-stranded DNA
STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription

T

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t, time
t_1/2, half-life
TALEN, transcription activator–like effector nuclease
TBS, triethanolamine-buffered saline
TCA, tricarboxylic acid
Tg, transgene, transgenic
TGF, transforming growth factor
Th cell, T helper cell (Th1, Th2)
TLC, thin-layer chromatography
TLR, Toll-like receptor
TNF, tumor necrosis factor
TOF, time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)
TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
Treg, regulatory T cell
Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane
TRITC, tetrarhodamine isothiocyanate
TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling

U

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U, unit(s)
UCD, University of California, Davis
UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
UCSD, University of California, San Diego
UCSF, University of California, San Francisco
UMP, uridine monophosphate (UDP, UTP)
UTR, untranslated region
UV, ultraviolet

V

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V, volt(s)
VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR, VEGF receptor
VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
V_max, maximum velocity
vol, volume
vWF, von Willebrand factor

W

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W, watt(s)
WBC, white blood cell
WHO, World Health Organization
wk, week(s)
WNT, wingless-type MMTV integration site family
wt, weight
WT, wild-type

Y

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yr, year