A

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A, ampere(s)

Å, angstrom unit(s)

aa, amino acid(s)

Ab, antibody

AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1

ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMP, adenosine monophosphate (ADP, ATP)

AMPK, AMP kinase

ANCOVA, analysis of covariance

ANOVA, analysis of variance

ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase (AMPase, ADPase)

AU, arbitrary unit(s)

AUC, area under the curve

B

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BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome

β-gal, β-galactosidase

BM, bone marrow

BMI, body mass index

BMP, bone morphogenetic protein

bp, base pair(s)

BP, blood pressure

bpm, beat(s) per minute

BRAF, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B

BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine

BSA, bovine serum albumin

BTU, British thermal unit(s)

BW, body weight

C

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°C, degree(s) Celsius

cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cGMP)

Cas9, CRISPR-associated protein 9

CCL, CC chemokine ligand

CCR, CC chemokine receptor

CD, cluster of differentiation (CD4, CD8)

CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

cDNA, complementary DNA

CDP, cytosine diphosphate

C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein

CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant

CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester

CFU, colony-forming unit(s)

ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation

CHO, Chinese hamster ovary

CI, confidence interval

Ci, curie(s)

c-KIT, CD117, mast/stem cell growth factor receptor, protooncogene c-KIT

cM, centimorgan(s)

C_max, maximum [peak] concentration

C_min, minimum [trough] concentration

CMP, cytidine monophosphate (CDP, CTP)

CMV, cytomegalovirus

CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

CNS, central nervous system

CoA, coenzyme A

COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019

COX, cyclooxygenase

cpm, count(s) per minute

CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CSA, colony-stimulating activity

CSF, colony-stimulating factor

Ct, threshold cycle

CT, computed tomography

CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand

CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor

D

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d, day(s)

d, density

3D, 3-dimensional

Da, dalton(s)

DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine

DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

DC, dendritic cell

DEAE, diethylaminoethyl

∆ (delta), change in, change of

DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium

DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid

dpc, day(s) post coitum

dpf, day(s) post fertilization

dP/dt, first derivative of pressure measured over time

dP/dV, pressure per unit change in volume

dpm, disintegration(s) per minute

dsDNA, double-stranded DNA

dsRNA, double-stranded RNA

DTT, dithiothreitol

E

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E1, embryonic day 1 (E2, E3)

EBV, Epstein-Barr virus

EC₅₀, 50% effective concentration

ECG, electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence

E. coli, Escherichia coli

ED₅₀, 50% effective dose

EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

EEG, electroencephalogram

EGF, epidermal growth factor

EGFP, enhanced GFP

EGFR, EGF receptor

EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay

ER, endoplasmic reticulum

ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase

F

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°F, degree(s) Fahrenheit

FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting

F-actin, filamentous actin

FBS, fetal bovine serum

Fc, crystallizable fragment [of immunoglobulin molecule]

FCS, fetal calf serum

FDA, Food and Drug Administration

FDR, false discovery rate

FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded

FGF, fibroblast growth factor

FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization

FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate

fl, floxed

Fox, Forkhead box

ft, foot, feet

FWER, family-wise error rate

G

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g, gram(s)

g, unit(s) of gravity

GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid

GAP, GTPase-activating protein

GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor

GFP, green fluorescent protein

GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

GMP, guanosine monophosphate (GDP, GTP)

GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor

GWAS, genome-wide association study/studies

Gy, gray(s)

H

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h, hour(s)

HA, hemagglutinin

HBSS, Hanks balanced salt solution

HBV, hepatitis B virus

HDL, high-density lipoprotein

H&E, hematoxylin and eosin

HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid

HGF, hepatocyte growth factor

HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2)

HLA, human leukocyte antigen

HMG, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl

HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography

HPV, human papilloma virus

HR, hazard ratio

HRP, horseradish peroxidase

HSA, human serum albumin

hsp, heat shock protein

HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell

I

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i, electric current

IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

IB, immunoblot

IC₅₀, 50% inhibitory concentration

ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule

ICOS, inducible costimulatory molecule

i.c.v., intracerebroventricular(ly)

ID₅₀, 50% infective dose

IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein

IFN, interferon

Ig, immunoglobulin (IgE, IgG)

IGF, insulin-like growth factor

IHC, immunohistochemistry

IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα, IκBβ)

IL, interleukin (IL-12)

i.m., intramuscular(ly)

IMDM, Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium

in., inch(es)

i.n., intranasal(ly)

INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale

IP, immunoprecipitation

i.p., intraperitoneal(ly)

IQR, interquartile range

IRB, institutional review board

ISH, in situ hybridization

IU, international unit(s)

i.v., intravenous(ly)

J

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JAK, Janus kinase

JNK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase

JUN, Jun protooncogene

K

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°K, degree(s) Kelvin

K_A, association constant

kb, kilobase(s)

kcal, kilocalorie(s)

K_D, dissociation constant

kDa, kilodalton(s)

K_I, inhibition constant

K_m, Michaelis-Menten constant

KO, knockout

L

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L, liter(s)

LD₅₀, 50% lethal dose

LDL, low-density lipoprotein

lod, log odds ratio

LPS, lipopolysaccharide

LUC, luciferase

M

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m, meter(s)

M, molar

mAb, monoclonal Ab

MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase

Mb, megabase

2-ME, 2-mercaptoethanol

MEK, MAPK kinase

MEM, Eagle minimal essential medium

mEq, milliequivalent(s)

MFI, mean fluorescence intensity

MHC, major histocompatibility complex

min, minute(s)

miRNA, microRNA

mmHg, millimeter(s) of mercury

MMP, matrix metalloproteinase

mo, month(s)

MOI, multiplicity(ies) of infection

mol, mole(s)

MOPS, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid

M_r, relative molecular mass

MRI, magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA, messenger RNA

ms, millisecond(s)

mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin

MTT assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay

MW, molecular weight

Myc, V-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian)

N

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N, normal [solution]

n, number in group

N, total sample size

NA, not applicable

NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH, reduced NAD

NADPH, reduced NAD phosphate

NF-κB, nuclear factor κB

NIH, National Institutes of Health

NK, natural killer [cell]

NKT, natural killer T [cell]

NLR, Nod-like receptor

NMDA, N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate

NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance

NO, nitric oxide

no., number

NOD, nonobese diabetic

NOR, nonobese resistant

NOS, NO synthase

NP-40, Nonidet P-40

NS, not significant

NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

nt, nucleotide(s)

O

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OCT, optimal cutting temperature [compound]

OD, optical density

OR, odds ratio

ORF, open reading frame

osm, osmole(s)

OVA, ovalbumin

P

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P, phosphate (PO₄)

P, probability

P1, postnatal day 1 (P2, P3)

PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PBS, phosphate-buffered saline

PCR, polymerase chain reaction

PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor

PDGFR, PDGF receptor

PECAM, platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule

PEG, polyethylene glycol

PET, positron emission tomography

PFU, plaque-forming unit(s)

pg, picogram(s)

pH, hydrogen ion concentration

pI, isoelectric point

PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

PIPES, piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)

PKC, protein kinase C (PKA, PKB)

PLC, phospholipase C

PMA, phorbol myristate acetate

PMN, polymorphonuclear cell

PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride

PNS, peripheral nervous system

PPAR, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPARγ)

psi, pound(s) per square inch

PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride

R

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r, correlation coefficient

RAB, RAS-related GTP-binding protein

rad, radiation-absorbed dose

RAG, recombination-activating gene

RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB

RANKL, RANK ligand

RANTES, regulated on activation, T cell expressed, and secreted

RAS, rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

RBC, red blood cell

RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism

RHO, Ras homolog family

RIA, radioimmunoassay

RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay

RLU, relative light unit(s)

RNA, ribonucleic acid

RNAi, RNA interference

ROS, reactive oxygen species (singular or plural)

rpm, revolution(s) per minute

RPMI medium, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium

rRNA, ribosomal RNA

RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase

RU, resonance unit(s)

S

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s, second(s)

SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS-CoV-2, SARS coronavirus 2

s.c., subcutaneous(ly)

SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency disease

SD, standard deviation

SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate

SEM, standard error of the mean

-Seq, sequencing (RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, etc.)

sgRNA, single-guide RNA

SH2, Src homology 2

shRNA, short hairpin RNA

siRNA, small interfering RNA

SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus

SMAD, SMAD family member(s)

SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism

SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling

SOD, superoxide dismutase

SRC, protooncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC

SREBP, sterol regulatory element–binding protein

SSC, standard saline citrate

ssDNA, single-stranded DNA

STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription

T

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t, time

t_1/2, half-life

TALEN, transcription activator–like effector nuclease

TBS, triethanolamine-buffered saline

TCA, tricarboxylic acid

Tg, transgene, transgenic

TGF, transforming growth factor

Th cell, T helper cell (Th1, Th2)

TLC, thin-layer chromatography

TLR, Toll-like receptor

TNF, tumor necrosis factor

TOF, time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)

TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Treg, regulatory T cell

Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane

TRITC, tetrarhodamine isothiocyanate

TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling

U

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U, unit(s)

UCD, University of California, Davis

UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles

UCSD, University of California, San Diego

UCSF, University of California, San Francisco

UMP, uridine monophosphate (UDP, UTP)

UTR, untranslated region

UV, ultraviolet

V

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V, volt(s)

VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule

VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR, VEGF receptor

VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein

V_max, maximum velocity

vol, volume

vWF, von Willebrand factor

W

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W, watt(s)

WBC, white blood cell

WHO, World Health Organization

wk, week(s)

WNT, wingless-type MMTV integration site family

wt, weight

WT, wild-type

Y

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yr, year(s)