Upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad signaling has been implicated in the primary pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has an important influence on TGF-β signaling through regulating Smad degradation. As E3 ubiquitin ligases, both Arkadia and Smurf2 are involved in this prosess. In this study, we focused on Arkadia, Smurf2, Smad7, and TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI), principal molecules in the regulation of TGF-β signaling, to understand the regulatory mechanism of ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. A unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model was employed, and sham-operated rats were used as controls. Renal lesions and the expression of Arkadia, Smurf2, Smad7, TβRI, TGF-β1, and type 1 collagen (COL-1) were detected by Western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis, high expression levels of Arkadia, Smurf2, TβRI, TGF-β1 mRNA, type 1 collagen mRNA, and Smad7 mRNA, and low levels of Smad7 protein in the kidneys of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction, in which Smurf2 interacted with both Smad7 and TβRI, and Arkadia only interacted with Samd7 but not with TβRI. Reduction of Smad7 resulting from ubiquitin-dependent degradation may be mainly attributed to Arkadia, and Arkadia-Smad7-mediated positive regulation of TGF-β signaling may play a promoting role in the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.