Mammalian adenylyl cyclases contain two conserved regions, C₁ and C₂, which are responsible for forskolin- and G-protein-stimulated catalysis. The structure of the C₂ catalytic region of type II rat adenylyl cyclase has an α/β class fold in a wreath-like dimer, which has a central cleft. Two forskolin molecules bind in hydrophobic pockets at the ends of cleft. The central part of the cleft is lined by charged residues implicated in ATP binding. Forskolin appears to activate adenylyl cyclase by promoting the assembly of the active dimer and by direct interaction within the catalytic cleft. Other adenylyl cyclase regulators act at the dimer interface or on a flexible C-terminal region.