1095 (T1) Wt/mut 2083 del G L688X Wt/mut 1–2 1219 (T2)–/mut 2084 ins G E706X–/mut 1 1556 (T3) Wt/mut 2084 ins G E706X Wt/mut 1 2174 (T4) Wt/mut 2084 ins G E706X Wt/mut 1 27931 (T5) Wt/mut 2084 ins G E706X Wt/mut 2–3 28076 (T6) Wt/mut 2112 del C L688X Wt/mut 1 28675 (T7) Wt/mut 2084 ins G E706X Wt/mut 3 30190 (T8) Wt/mut 2100 del C L688X Wt/mut 0 30242 (T9) Wt/mut1 2015 ins A E706X Wt/mut1 3 and mut2 2084 ins G E706X and mut2 32633 (T10)–/mut 2083 del G L688X–/mut 1 33271 (T11) Wt/mut 2083 del G L688X Wt/mut 2–3 del, deletion; ins, insertion;–, deleted; X, stop codon;* Immunohistochemical nuclear staining of β-catenin was scored as negative (0), weak (1), or moderate to intense (2–3). T1–T11 in parenthesis refers to lanes in Fig. 1a. brief communications

146 nature genetics• volume 26• october 2000 than that of the great apes, in spite of inhabiting a region much larger than the apes, this may indicate that they also had expanded from a small population. Analyses of further Neandertal individuals will reveal if a population history similar to that seen in humans underlies the reduced diversity in Neandertals.