Peptides have long been recognized as a promising group of therapeutic substances to treat
various diseases. Delivery systems for peptides have been under development since the
discovery of insulin for the treatment of diabetes. The challenge of using peptides as drugs
arises from their poor bioavailability resulting from the low permeability of biological
membranes and their instability. Currently, subcutaneous injection is clinically the most
common administration route for peptides. This route is cost-effective and suitable for self …