Cardiovascular benefits associated with higher dietary K+ vs. lower dietary Na+: evidence from population and mechanistic studies

AA McDonough, LC Veiras… - American Journal of …, 2017 - journals.physiology.org
AA McDonough, LC Veiras, CA Guevara, DL Ralph
American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2017journals.physiology.org
The World Health Organization ranks hypertension the leading global risk factor for disease,
specifically, cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure (BP) is higher in Westernized
populations consuming Na+-rich processed foods than in isolated societies consuming K+-
rich natural foods. Evidence suggests that lowering dietary Na+ is particularly beneficial in
hypertensive individuals who consume a high-Na+ diet. Nonetheless, numerous population
studies demonstrate a relationship between higher dietary K+, estimated from urinary …
The World Health Organization ranks hypertension the leading global risk factor for disease, specifically, cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure (BP) is higher in Westernized populations consuming Na+-rich processed foods than in isolated societies consuming K+-rich natural foods. Evidence suggests that lowering dietary Na+ is particularly beneficial in hypertensive individuals who consume a high-Na+ diet. Nonetheless, numerous population studies demonstrate a relationship between higher dietary K+, estimated from urinary excretion or dietary recall, and lower BP, regardless of Na+ intake. Interventional studies with K+ supplementation suggest that it provides a direct benefit; K+ may also be a marker for other beneficial components of a “natural” diet. Recent studies in rodent models indicate mechanisms for the K+ benefit: the distal tubule Na+-Cl cotransporter (NCC) controls Na+ delivery downstream to the collecting duct, where Na+ reabsorbed by epithelial Na+ channels drives K+ secretion and excretion through K+ channels in the same region. High dietary K+ provokes a decrease in NCC activity to drive more K+ secretion (and Na+ excretion, analogous to the actions of a thiazide diuretic) whether Na+ intake is high or low; low dietary K+ provokes an increase in NCC activity and Na+ retention, also independent of dietary Na+. Together, the findings suggest that public health efforts directed toward increasing consumption of K+-rich natural foods would reduce BP and, thus, cardiovascular and kidney disease.
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