The role of vitamin A status as it relates to bone health is historical yet controversial.
Population-based studies have linked high dietary intake of preformed vitamin A, which is
obtained from animal-source foods, fortified foods, and some supplements, to greater risk of
osteoporosis and hip fracture. In contrast, carotenoids, some of which are vitamin A
precursors from plants, are associated with improved bone health. Carotenoids may be a
biomarker that reflects a generally healthy lifestyle, which includes fruit and vegetable …