This review discusses the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy related to direct effects of
loss of insulin receptor action and metabolic dysregulation on the retina. The resulting
sensory neuropathy can be diagnosed by structural and functional tests in patients with mild
nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Research teams can collaborate to integrate ocular
and systemic factors that impair vision and to design strategies to maintain retinal function in
persons with diabetes mellitus. Evolving concepts may lead to inclusion of tests of retinal …