Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect,
and preoccupation/anticipation) and three domains of dysfunction (incentive
salience/pathologic habits, negative emotional states, and executive function, respectively)
via changes in the basal ganglia, extended amygdala/habenula, and frontal cortex,
respectively. This review focuses on neurochemical/neurocircuitry dysregulations that …