Allogeneic hand transplantation is now a clinical reality. While results have been
encouraging, acute rejection rates are higher than in their solid-organ counterparts. In
contrast, chronic rejections, as defined by vasculopathy and/or fibrosis and atrophy of skin
and other tissues, as well as antibody mediated rejection, have not been reported in a
compliant hand transplant recipient. Monitoring vascularized composite allograft (VCA) hand
recipients for rejection has routinely involved punch skin biopsies, vascular imaging and …