This study has characterized a rat model with temporomandibular osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) following a surgical anterior displacement of their articular disc (ADD). The well-established model of OA, induced by an intra-articular injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJ, was used for comparison purposes. Male Wistar rats were assigned into two surgical groups, namely, ADD (anterior disc displacement) and sham-operated (surgical access, without ADD). Additional groups received an intra-articular infiltration of CFA (50 μl/site; 1: 1 oil/saline emulsion), or the vehicle (0.9% NaCl). The separate experimental subgroups were euthanized at 15, 30 or 60 days and their left TMJs were collected for histological, immunohistochemistry and micro-CT analyses. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF were analyzed. The fibrocartilage thicknesses were increased in the ADD groups at all of the analyzed time-points. In the CFA group, fibrocartilage thickenings were seen only in the posterior thirds at 15 days. The ADD group displayed an increase of the proteoglycan contents and ADAMTS5 immunopositivity in the fibrocartilage at 30 and 60 days, without any variations of the collagen contents or the osteoclast activation. Upon the micro-CT evaluation, the ADD group presented increments of their trabecular separations and bone surfaces, with reduced trabecular thicknesses and bone volumes, plus osteophyte formations and condyle flattenings, from 30 to 60 days. The IL-1β, TNF or IL-6 serum levels were undetectable. The surgical ADD in the rats led to long-term OA-like alterations, with typical structural and morphological derangements of the TMJ, representing a reliable experimental model to investigate the TMJ-OA-related mechanisms.