Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a pleiotropic cytokine released by both immune and non-
immune cells in the gut, exerts an important tolerogenic action by promoting regulatory T cell
differentiation. TGF-β also enhances enterocyte migration and regulates extracellular matrix
turnover, thereby playing a crucial role in tissue remodeling in the gut. In this review we
describe the mechanisms by which abnormal TGF-β signaling impairs intestinal immune
tolerance and tissue repair, thus predisposing to the onset of immune-mediated bowel …