Protein carbamylation is a nonenzymatic posttranslational protein modification that can be
driven, in part, by exposure to urea's dissociation product, cyanate. In humans, when kidney
function is impaired and urea accumulates, systemic protein carbamylation levels increase.
Additional mediators of protein carbamylation have been identified including inflammation,
diet, smoking, circulating free amino acid levels, and environmental exposures.
Carbamylation reactions on proteins are capable of irreversibly changing protein charge …