Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a class of antidiabetic drugs that improve the glycaemia via several molecular pathways. Recent evidence suggest that they also have additional effects modulating pathophysiologic pathways included in cognitive disorders. Since some forms of cognitive dysfunction such as Alzheimer's disease are more common among diabetic patients than in the normal population, antidiabetic drugs that have neuroprotective effects affording protection for cognitive disorders would be of benefit. Therefore, we reviewed the pharmacologic effects of GLP-1 analogues and found that they may have the additional benefit of improving cognitive performance via at least eight molecular mechanisms.