The growth of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells has been shown to be dependent on exogenous growth factors in vitro. We wanted to evaluate the clinical relevance of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in B-CLL. As the plasma levels of IL-6, IL-1 beta and IL-1Ra have been suggested to be partly dependent on gene polymorphism, the previously described polymorphisms of the IL-1 complex genes and the IL-6 gene were also studied. The plasma levels of these cytokines were measured in a cohort of 36 patients with B-CLL and in 400 healthy subjects. The previously described polymorphisms of the IL-1 complex genes and the IL-6 gene were studied using PCR and RFLP. These data was correlated with other parameters associated with severity and prognosis of B-CLL and a number of clinical and laboratory findings. The plasma concentrations of IL-1 beta and IL-1Ra were lower in B-CLL patients than in normal controls (p< 0.001). The IL-1 beta plasma levels were dependent on the cell immunophenotype score and state of progression of the disease. Moreover, plasma concentrations of IL-6 were elevated in B-CLL patients compared with healthy subjects (p< 0.005) and correlated with disease stage, hemoglobin levels, anemia and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the patients. The allele frequencies of the analyzed genes were similar in patients and controls. Our data demonstrate that in B-CLL, plasma levels of IL-1 beta, IL-1Ra and IL-6 differ from normal, and mechanisms other than allelic imbalance of their genes account for the distinct cytokine profiles observed in this disease.