The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of plasma CXCL10, CCL20, CCL22, CCL2, CCL17 and CCL24 levels in HIV-positive patients grouped according to extreme phenotypes of progression to AIDS, and at different stages of HIV infection. HIV-positive individuals with extreme phenotypes of AIDS progression (n = 58) at different clinical stages (chronic individuals, both pre-HAART and under-HAART) and HIV-negative controls (n = 20) were evaluated. Additionally, HIV-positive individuals that initiated HAART with > 350 CD4⁺ T-cells/mm³ were compared with those who initiated treatment with < 350 CD4⁺ T-cells/mm³. Plasma levels of six chemokines were quantified by a Luminex assay. Higher CXCL10 levels were observed in individuals immediately before their CD4⁺ T-cell levels were indicative for HAART (pre-HAART), independently of their progressor status, i.e. slow (SPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). SPs pre-HAART showed higher CXCL10 levels compared to elite controllers and RPs under HAART (p_c = 0.009 and p_c = 0.007, respectively). CXCL10 levels were higher in SPs HAART CD4 < 350 (initiated HAART with < 350 CD4⁺ T-cells) when compared with SPs HAART CD4 > 350 (initiated HAART with > 350 CD4⁺ T-cells) (1096 vs. 360.33 pg/mL, p = 0.0101). Normalisation of CXCL10 levels seems to depend on the CD4⁺ T-cell nadir at HAART initiation. CCL20 levels were higher in chronic SPs, SPs pre-HAART, SPs HAART and RPs HAART compared with the HIV-negative controls, indicating persistent CCL20 expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that CXCL10 levels are a hallmark in the clinical evolution of HIV infection. However, our results must be verified in a study evaluating a larger number of AIDS progressors.