Microglia activated by IL-4 or IFN-γ differentially induce neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis from adult stem/progenitor cells

O Butovsky, Y Ziv, A Schwartz, G Landa… - Molecular and Cellular …, 2006 - Elsevier
Cell renewal in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is limited, and is blocked in
inflammatory brain conditions. We show that both neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis of
adult neural progenitor cells in mice are blocked by inflammation-associated (endotoxin-
activated) microglia, but induced by microglia activated by cytokines (IL-4 or low level of IFN-
γ) associated with T-helper cells. Blockage was correlated with up-regulation of microglial
production of tumor necrosis factor-α. The effect induced by IL-4-activated microglia was …