Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis may play a crucial role in loss of pancreatic β cell mass, contributing to the development of diabetes. Here we show that induction of 4E-BP1, the suppressor of the mRNA 5′ cap-binding protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), is involved in β cell survival under ER stress. 4E-BP1 expression was increased in islets under ER stress in several mouse models of diabetes. The Eif4ebp1 gene encoding 4E-BP1 was revealed to be a direct target of the transcription factor ATF4. Deletion of the Eif4ebp1 gene increased susceptibility to ER stress-mediated apoptosis in MIN6 β cells and mouse islets, which was accompanied by deregulated translational control. Furthermore, Eif4ebp1 deletion accelerated β cell loss and exacerbated hyperglycemia in mouse models of diabetes. Thus, 4E-BP1 induction contributes to the maintenance of β cell homeostasis during ER stress and is a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.