For centuries, opiate analgesics have had a considerable presence in the treatment of
moderate to severe pain. While effective in providing analgesia, opiates are notorious in
exerting many undesirable adverse reactions. The receptor targets and the intracellular
effectors of opioids have largely been identified. Furthermore, much of the mechanisms
underlying the development of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal have been
delineated. Thus, there is a focus on developing novel compounds or strategies in mitigating …