Distinct molecular phenotypes of direct vs indirect ARDS in single-center and multicenter studies

CS Calfee, DR Janz, GR Bernard, AK May… - Chest, 2015 - Elsevier
BACKGROUND ARDS is a heterogeneous syndrome that encompasses lung injury from
both direct and indirect sources. Direct ARDS (pneumonia, aspiration) has been
hypothesized to cause more severe lung epithelial injury than indirect ARDS (eg,
nonpulmonary sepsis); however, this hypothesis has not been well studied in humans.
METHODS We measured plasma biomarkers of lung epithelial and endothelial injury and
inflammation in a single-center study of 100 patients with ARDS and severe sepsis and in a …