Sensing Living Bacteria in Vivo Using d-Alanine-Derived 11C Radiotracers

MFL Parker, JM Luu, B Schulte, TL Huynh… - ACS central …, 2020 - ACS Publications
MFL Parker, JM Luu, B Schulte, TL Huynh, MN Stewart, R Sriram, MA Yu, S Jivan…
ACS central science, 2020ACS Publications
Incorporation of d-amino acids into peptidoglycan is a unique metabolic feature of bacteria.
Since d-amino acids are not metabolic substrates in most mammalian tissues, this difference
can be exploited to detect living bacteria in vivo. Given the prevalence of d-alanine in
peptidoglycan muropeptides, as well as its role in several antibiotic mechanisms, we
targeted this amino acid for positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer development. d-
[3-11C] Alanine and the dipeptide d-[3-11C] alanyl-d-alanine were synthesized via …
Incorporation of d-amino acids into peptidoglycan is a unique metabolic feature of bacteria. Since d-amino acids are not metabolic substrates in most mammalian tissues, this difference can be exploited to detect living bacteria in vivo. Given the prevalence of d-alanine in peptidoglycan muropeptides, as well as its role in several antibiotic mechanisms, we targeted this amino acid for positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer development. d-[3-11C]Alanine and the dipeptide d-[3-11C]alanyl-d-alanine were synthesized via asymmetric alkylation of glycine-derived Schiff-base precursors with [11C]methyl iodide in the presence of a cinchonidinium phase-transfer catalyst. In cell experiments, both tracers showed accumulation by a wide variety of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a mouse model of acute bacterial myositis, d-[3-11C]alanine was accumulated by living microorganisms but was not taken up in areas of sterile inflammation. When compared to existing clinical nuclear imaging tools, specifically 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose and a gallium citrate radiotracer, d-alanine showed more bacteria-specific uptake. Decreased d-[3-11C]alanine uptake was also observed in antibiotic-sensitive microbes after antimicrobial therapy, when compared to that in resistant organisms. Finally, prominent uptake of d-[3-11C]alanine uptake was seen in rodent models of discitis-osteomyelitis and P. aeruginosa pneumonia. These data provide strong justification for clinical translation of d-[3-11C]alanine to address a number of important human infections.
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