Sudden deaths of young competitive athletes are tragic events that continue to have a considerable impact on the lay and medical communities. 1–17 These deaths are usually due to a variety of unsuspected cardiovascular diseases and have been reported with increasing frequency in both the United States and Europe. 1, 5 Such deaths often assume a high public profile because of the youth of the victims and the generally held perception that trained athletes constitute the healthiest segment of society, with the deaths of well-known elite athletes often exaggerating this visibility. These counterintuitive events strike to the core of our sensibilities, periodically galvanizing discussion and action, and in the process raise practical and ethical issues related to detection of the responsible cardiovascular conditions. Preparticipation cardiovascular screening is the systematic practice of medically evaluating large, general populations of athletes before participation in sports for the purpose of identifying (or raising suspicion of) abnormalities that could provoke disease progression or sudden death. 13, 16 Indeed, identification of the relevant diseases may well prevent some instances of sudden death after temporary or permanent withdrawal from sports or targeted treatment interventions. 15, 17–21 In addition, the increasing awareness that automated external defibrillators (AEDs) may not always prove successful in the secondary prevention of sudden death for athletes with cardiovascular disease22 underscores the importance of preparticipation screening for the prospective identification of at-risk athletes and the prophylactic prevention of cardiac events during sports by selective disqualification. Although some critics have questioned the effectiveness of cardiovascular screening, 23, 24 overwhelming support for the principle of this public health initiative exists in both the medical and lay communities. 13–16, 25 The efficacy of the various athlete screening strategies is not easily resolved in the context of evidence-based investigative medicine. Recently, recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 16 and International Olympic Committee (IOC) 26, 27 have triggered a new debate regarding the most appropriate strategy for screening trained athletes and other sports participants. Indeed, issues related to the methodology and justification for preparticipation screening, including use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), have become a complex area of debate.

The present document is largely a response to these recent considerations and developments and represents the consensus of a number of cardiovascular and other specialists with extensive clinical experience and expertise related to athletes of all ages, as well as a sports medicine legal expert. The panel addressed the benefits and limitations of the screening process for early detection of cardiovascular abnormalities in