Many patients with angina and signs of myocardial ischemia on stress testing have no
significant obstructive epicardial coronary disease. There are many potential coronary and
non-coronary mechanisms for ischemia without obstructive epicardial coronary disease, and
prominent among these is coronary microvascular and/or endothelial dysfunction. Patients
with coronary microvascular and/or endothelial dysfunction are often at increased risk of
adverse cardiovascular events, including ischemic events and heart failure despite …