Host macrophages can be preprogrammed into opposing primed or tolerant states
depending upon the nature and quantities of external stimulants. The paradigm of priming
and tolerance has significant implications in the pathogenesis and resolution of both acute
and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the responsible mechanisms are not well
understood. Here, we report that super low dose bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), as low as 5 pg/ml, primes the expression of proinflammatory mediators in …