Through neuromodulatory influences over fronto-striato-cerebellar circuits, dopamine and
noradrenaline play important roles in high-level executive functions often reported to be
impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Medications used in the
treatment of ADHD (including methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and atomoxetine) act to
increase brain catecholamine levels. However, the precise prefrontal cortical and subcortical
mechanisms by which these agents exert their therapeutic effects remain to be fully …