Pulmonary morphology, physiology, and respiratory functions change in both physiological
and pathological conditions. Internal lung surface area (ISA), representing the gas-
exchange capacity of the lung, is a critical criterion to assess respiratory function. However,
observer bias can significantly influence measured values for lung morphological
parameters. The protocol that we describe here minimizes variations during measurements
of two morphological parameters used for ISA calculation: internal lung volume (ILV) and …