The abilities of tumor cells to proliferate uncontrollably, resist apoptosis, induce vasculature
formation, and invade distant organs are well-recognized hallmarks of cancer. More
recently, the capability of tumors to evade immune surveillance and avoid destruction by the
immune system has also gained significant acceptance in the cancer research field.
However, the initial explanation for the lack of antitumor immune responses was ascribed to
mutations affecting tumor-associated antigen expression, antigen processing, and …