Objective: Trauma induces a complex immune response that requires a systems biology
research approach. Here, we used a novel technology, mass cytometry by time-of-flight, to
comprehensively characterize the multicellular response to trauma. Design: Peripheral
blood mononuclear cells samples were stained with a 38-marker immunophenotyping
cytometry by time-of-flight panel. Separately, matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells
were stimulated in vitro with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae or CD3/CD28 antibodies …