Human epilepsy is usually considered to result from cortical pathology, but animal studies
show that the cortex may be secondarily involved in epileptogenesis, and cortical seizures
may be triggered by extracortical mechanisms. In the audiogenic kindling model, recurrent
subcortical (brainstem-driven) seizures induce secondary epileptic activation of the cortex.
The present review focuses on behavioral and electrographic features of the subcortico-
cortical epileptogenesis:(1) behavioral expressions of traditional and mild paradigms of …