The α₁-antitrypsin (α₁-AT) is a 52 kDa glycoprotein that is predominantly synthesised in the liver and secreted into the circulation, where it protects the lungs from the enzyme neutrophil elastase. α₁-AT deficiency (α₁-ATD) is caused by mutations in the α₁-AT gene, with most cases resulting from homozygous inheritance of the Z allele (Glu342Lys). This leads to low levels of circulating α₁-AT, uncontrolled elastase activity and emphysema [1]. The Z mutation destabilises the native α₁-AT and causes the formation of aberrant polymers that accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes, giving rise to inclusion bodies that are the main histological feature of α₁-ATD [2]. Extracellular polymers have been found in lung lavage, the skin of an individual with panniculitis and the kidney of an individual with vasculitis [1], and are also present in the circulation of all individuals homo- or heterozygous for the Z allele [3]. Circulating polymers originate in the liver, since they became undetectable in the plasma of an individual 4 days after liver transplantation [3], but it is unknown whether polymers can be secreted from hepatocytes or can form in the extracellular environment from secreted monomeric Z α₁-AT. Extracellular polymers are chemotactic and stimulatory for human neutrophils [4] and may contribute to inflammatory neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, kidney and skin. It is important to understand where these polymers form in order to design effective therapies for emphysema and other pathological manifestations of α₁-ATD. Here we investigated the origin of extracellular polymers by exploiting our cellular models of α₁-ATD and conformer-specific and functional monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Z α₁-AT [5–8].