ObjectiveWe wished to characterize the epidemiological and clinical correlates of CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (“X4 variants”) in a cross-sectional analysis of a large population of antiretroviral-naive individuals

MethodsHIV-1 coreceptor use was determined in the last pretherapy plasma sample for 1191 individuals initiating triple-combination therapy in British Columbia, Canada. Baseline variables investigated included sociodemographic characteristics, plasma viral load (pVL), CD4 cell count, AIDS diagnosis, HIV-1 V3 loop sequence, and human CCR5 Δ32 genotype

ResultsIndividuals harboring X4 variants (n=178 of 979 phenotyped samples; 18.2%) displayed a poorer baseline clinical profile than individuals harboring exclusively CCR5-using HIV-1 (“R5 variants”) (median pVL, 175,000 vs. 120,000 copies of HIV-1 RNA/mL [P=.0006]; median CD4 cell count, 110 vs. 290 cells/mm³ [P<.0001]). Individuals heterozygous for the CCR5 Δ32 deletion (n=128 of 967; 13.2%) were at 2.5 times higher risk of harboring X4 variants, compared with those without the deletion (multivariate P=.0005). The presence of basic amino acids at codon 11 and/or codon 25 of HIV-1 V3 (n=109 of 955; 11.4%) was associated with a 9.1 times higher risk of harboring X4 variants (multivariate P<.0001), regardless of CCR5 Δ32 genotype. In multivariate analyses adjusting for baseline parameters, HIV-1 coreceptor use was not found to be a significant predictor of survival or treatment response

ConclusionBaseline CD4 cell count, pVL, HIV-1 V3 sequence, and CCR5 Δ32 genotype were the strongest determinants of CXCR4-using HIV-1 in this population. After adjustment for baseline parameters, the presence of X4 variants before initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy was not independently associated with a poorer outcome of therapy